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Wednesday, September 2, 2015
Thursday, July 30, 2015
Sunday, June 21, 2015
Henri Cartier-Bresson:‘There Are No Maybes’
By THE NEW YORK TIMES
June 21, 2013
In 1971, Sheila Turner-Seed interviewedHenri Cartier-Bresson in his Paris studio for a film-strip series on photographers that she produced, with Cornell Capa, for Scholastic. After her death in 1979 at the age of 42, that interview, along with others she had conducted, sat like a time capsule in the archives of the International Center of Photography in New York.
That is, until 2011, when Ms. Turner-Seed’s daughter, Rachel Seed, learned of their existence and went to I.C.P. to study the tapes. It was a profound experience for her, since she was 1 when her mother died and did not remember her voice.
Ms. Seed, herself a photographer, has been working on a personal documentary, “A Photographic Memory,” about a daughter’s search for the mother she never knew through their shared love of photography. She is raising money with a Kickstarter campaign.
The second part of that interview, transcribed from tape by Sheila Turner-Seed, continues where we left off yesterday. It has been lightly edited. A DVD of the Cartier-Bresson interview, with his photos, is available from the International Center of Photography’sonline bookstore.
Q.
Have you ever really been able to define for yourself when it is that you press the shutter?
A.
It’s a question of concentration. Concentrate, think, watch, look and, ah, like this, you are ready. But you never know the culminative point of something. So you’re shooting. You say, “Yes. Yes. Maybe. Yes.” But you shouldn’t overshoot. It’s like overeating, overdrinking. You have to eat, you have to drink. But over is too much. Because by the time you press, you arm the shutter once more, and maybe the picture was in between.
Very often, you don’t have to see a photographer’s work. Just by watching him in the street, you can see what kind of photographer he is. Discreet, tiptoes, fast or machine gun. Well, you don’t shoot partridges with a machine gun. You choose one partridge, then the other partridge. Maybe the others are gone by then. But I see people wrrrr, like this with a motor. It’s incredible, because they always shoot in the wrong moment.
Q.
Can you bear to talk a bit about your equipment?
A.
I am completely and have always been uninterested in the photographic process. I like the smallest camera possible, not those huge reflex cameras with all sorts of gadgets. When I am working, I have an M3 because it’s quicker when I’m concentrating.
Q.
Why the 50-millimeter lens?
A.
It corresponds to a certain vision and at the same time has enough depth of focus, a thing you don’t have in longer lenses. I worked with a 90. It cuts much of the foreground if you take a landscape, but if people are running at you, there is no depth of focus. The 35 is splendid when needed, but extremely difficult to use if you want precision in composition. There are too many elements, and something is always in the wrong place. It is a beautiful lens at times when needed by what you see. But very often it is used by people who want to shout. Because you have a distortion, you have somebody in the foreground and it gives an effect. But I don’t like effects. There is something aggressive, and I don’t like that. Because when you shout, it is usually because you are short of arguments.
Henri Cartier-Bresson and Sheila Turner-Seed
//
“The greatest joy for me is geometry; that means a structure.”
If you have little equipment, people don’t notice you. You don’t come like a show-off. It seems like an embarrassment, someone who comes with big equipment.
And photo electric cells in a camera — I don’t see why it is done. It is a laziness. During the day, I don’t need a light meter. It is only when light changes very quickly at dusk or when I’m in another country, in the desert or in the snow. But I guess first, and then I check. It is good training.
Q.
In some sense, you impose your own rules that are like disciplines for yourself, then.
A.
For myself — I’m not speaking for others. I take my pleasure that way. Freedom for me is a strict frame, and inside that frame are all the variations possible. Maybe I’m classical. The French are like that. I can’t help it!
Photography as I conceive it, well, it’s a drawing — immediate sketch done with intuition and you can’t correct it. If you have to correct it, it’s the next picture. But life is very fluid. Well, sometimes the pictures disappear and there’s nothing you can do. You can’t tell the person, “Oh, please smile again. Do that gesture again.” Life is once, forever.
Q.
How do you feel about color photography?
A.
It’s disgusting. I hate it! I’ve done it only when I’ve been to countries where it was difficult to go and they said, “If you don’t do color, we can’t use your things.” So it was a compromise, but I did it badly because I don’t believe in it.
The reason is that you have been shooting what you see. But then there are the printing inks and all sorts of different things over which you have no control whatsoever. There is all the interference of heaps of people, and what has it got to do with true color?
Q.
If the technical problems were solved and what you saw on the page would really be what you saw with your eyes, would you still object?
A.
Yes, because nature gives us so much. You can’t accept everything of nature. You have to select things. It’d rather do paintings, and it becomes an insoluble problem. Especially when it comes to reportage, color has no interest whatsoever except that people do it because it’s money. It’s always a money problem.
There are some very good young photographers. They want to do photographic essays and there is no market for it.
In 1946, when we started Magnum, the world had been separated by the war and there was a great curiosity from one country to know how the other was. People couldn’t travel, and for us it was such a challenge to go and testify — I have seen this and I have seen that. There was a market. We didn’t have to do industrial accounts and all that.
Magnum was the genius of Bob Capa, who had great invention. He was playing the horses and the money paid for the secretaries. I came back from the Orient and asked Capa for my money and he said, “Better take your camera and go work. I have taken your money because we were almost in bankruptcy.”
I kept on working. Now it is a very big problem because there are hardly any magazines. No big magazine is going to send you to a country because everybody has been there. It’s another world. But there are heaps of specialized magazines who are going to use your files. And you can make quite a decent living just by files. But it means you have to add pictures for years and years. For a young photographer to start is quite a problem nowadays.
Martine Franck/Magnum Photos Henri Cartier-Bresson with a photograph of his mother, Marthe Leverdier.
There are necessities of life, and everything is getting more expensive in a consumer society. So the danger is that photography might become very precious — “Oh, a very rare print.” There’s not a very real place for it. But what does it mean? That preciousness is a sickness.
Why do photographers start giving numbers to their prints? It’s absurd. What do you do when the 20th print has been done? Do you swallow the negative? Do you shoot yourself? It’s the gimmick of money.
I think a print should be signed. That means a photographer recognizes that the print has been done either by him or according to his own standards. But a print is not like an etching, where the plate wears out. A negative doesn’t wear out.
Q.
Perhaps the only lead that photographers had was to imitate painters, and they still have to learn their own identity.
A.
Yes. Why be embarrassed? We are not what you call “misfit painters.” Photography is a way of expressing ourselves with another tool. That’s all.
Q.
Can we go back to something we were discussing earlier? What is it like to return to a country you have visited before? Is there a difference between the first time and when you return?
A.
I like very much going back to a country after a while and seeing the differences, because you build up impressions, right or wrong, but always personal and vivid, by living in a country and working. You accumulate things and leave a gap, and you see the changes strongly when you’ve been away for a long time. And the evolution in a country is very interesting to measure with a camera.
But at the same time, I am not a political analyst or an economist. I don’t know how to count. It’s not that. I’m obsessed by one thing, the visual pleasure.
The greatest joy for me is geometry; that means a structure. You can’t go shooting for structure, for shapes, for patterns and all this, but it is a sensuous pleasure, an intellectual pleasure, at the same time to have everything in the right place. It’s a recognition of an order which is in front of you.
The difference between a good picture and a mediocre picture is a question of millimeters — small, small differences — but it’s essential. I didn’t think there is such a big difference between photographers. Very little difference. But it is that little difference that counts, maybe.
What is important for a photographer is involvement. It’s not a propaganda means, photography, but it’s a way of shouting what you feel. It’s like the difference between a tract for propaganda and a novel. Well, the novel has to go through all the channel of the nerves, the imagination, and it’s much more powerful than something you look at and throw away. If a theme is developed and goes into a novel, there is much more subtlety; it goes much deeper.
Poetry is the essence of everything, and it’s through deep contact with reality and living fully that you reach poetry. Very often I see photographers cultivating the strangeness or awkwardness of a scene, thinking it is poetry. No. Poetry is two elements which are suddenly conflict — a spark between two elements. But it’s given very seldom, and you can’t look for it. It’s like if you look for inspiration. No, it just comes by enriching yourself and living.
You have to forget yourself. You have to be yourself and you have to forget yourself so that the image comes much stronger — what you want by getting involved completely in what you are doing and not thinking. Ideas are very dangerous. You must think all the time, but when you photograph, you aren’t trying to push a point or prove something. You don’t prove anything. It comes by itself.
If I go to a place, it’s not to record what is going on only. It’s to try and have a picture which concretizes a situation in one glance and which has the strong relations of shapes. And when I go to a country, well, I’m hoping always to get that one picture about which people will say, “Ah, this is true. You felt it right.”
That’s why photography is important, in a way, because at the same time that it’s a great pleasure getting the geometry together, it goes quite far in a testimony of our world, even without knowing what you are doing.
But as for me, I enjoy shooting a picture. Being present. It’s a way of saying, “Yes! Yes! Yes!” It’s like the last three words of Joyce’s “Ulysses,” which is one of the most tremendous works which have ever been written. It’s “Yes, yes, yes.” And photography is like that. It’s yes, yes, yes. And there are no maybes. All the maybes should go to the trash, because it’s an instant, it’s a moment, it’s there! And it’s respect of it and tremendous enjoyment to say, “Yes!” Even if it’s something you hate. Yes! It’s an affirmation.
Follow @ICPhotog and @nytimesphoto on Twitter. Lens is also on Facebook.
HENRI CARTIER-BRESSON / MAGNUM PHOTOS
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APS-C
目录
1概念解释编辑
具体还得先从1913诞生的135胶卷谈起。那时候德国人奥斯卡·巴纳克研制出拍摄35mm(36mm×24mm)电影胶片的Leica照相机后，35毫米胶卷又叫“徕卡卷”，后来世界各厂生产用于拍摄35毫米胶片的照相机越来越多，“徕卡卷”这个名称已不能适应了，于是就按胶卷的宽度改为“35毫米胶片”直到五十年代之后，为了区分35毫米电影胶片和照相机用的35毫米散装胶卷，在胶卷盒上
印有135的代号。后来大家就公认把35mm胶卷称为135胶卷，把用135胶卷的相机称为135相机。
印有135的代号。后来大家就公认把35mm胶卷称为135胶卷，把用135胶卷的相机称为135相机。
1996年由FujiFilm、Kodak、Canon、Minolta、Nikon五大公司联合开发的APS(Advance Photo System)胶片系统问世。APS开发商在原135规格的基础上进行了彻底改进，包括相机、感光材料、冲印设备以及相关的配套产品上都全面创新，大幅度缩小了胶片尺寸，使用了新的智能暗盒设计，融入了当代的数字技术，成为了能记录光学信息、数码信息的智能型胶卷。
APS定位于业余消费市场，共设计了三种底片画幅(H、C、P)：
H型是满画幅(30.3×16.6mm)，长宽比为16:9；
C型是在满画幅的左右两头各挡去一端，长宽比为3:2(24.9×16.6mm)，其对角线长度为29.3mm，折合1.7英寸。aps-c长宽比与135底片同比例；
P型是满幅的上下两边各挡去一条，使画面长宽比例为3:1(30.3×10.1mm)，被称为全景模式。
APS感光胶片与传统感光胶片最大的区别在于胶片上不仅涂有感光乳剂，还涂覆有一层透明的磁性介质，它除了具有传统胶片的所有功能外，还具有数码书写能力，利用胶片齿孔边和另一边的条形导轨面积，在拍摄过程中，可以随时将拍摄中的有关数据记录在胶片上，如：焦距、光圈、速度、色温、日期。有的APS相机还储存有十几种语言，100多种赠语、贺词或标题，可以通过机背上的按钮选择所需和对照片的制作要求等，并且将信息记录在胶片上，这些信息还可以修改。在冲洗时还可以印出一张“缩略图索引”的目录照片，在当时是很新颖超前的设计。
为了便于观看APS胶片，APS系统还配套设计有“胶片图像播放仪”，把拍摄好的胶片放入设备并与电视连接，就可以在电视上观赏，同时还能配有音乐，可以连续播放，图像可以局部放大，还可以调节图像的色彩、亮度等，如同看电影一样，增添了摄影的娱乐性。
2功能应用编辑
APS问世以来前后有50多家生产厂商加盟。各品牌的APS相机在性能上大同小异。外型上看可分为两大类：一类是胶片生产商生产的相机，都为袖珍型。这类APS机体积小巧、功能齐全、操作简单、便于携带。例如FujiFilm的Fotonex1000ix；另一类为相机生产商生产的相机，Minolta(VECTISS)、Canon、Nikon都有开发。最大的特点是除特别为APS设计的Lens外，可以使用原135系统的所有镜头。如Canon的EOS1X，Nikon的PRONEA 600I等等。
但是，APS夹在了传统胶片摄影系统和当今数码摄影系统之间，是介于两者之间的过渡产品。不难看出，上述优点，如记录拍摄数据、存入档案资料、编辑数码相册、电脑投影播放等等，在当今的数码相机中全能实现，而且有了更大的扩展。所以，在数码相机技术的高速发展冲击下，APS系统未能得到展开应用就“出师未捷身先死”，早早就已经“夭折”。
由于在现今数码单反相机中，大都是采用了小于135规格的CCD或CMOS感光器件，除了奥林帕斯的4/3系统和尼康/佳能全画幅以外，现存几乎全部都是和APS-C型胶片一样的大小：长宽比为3:2，边长近似为24.9×16.6mm，为了便于形容，人们就把类似这种大小的感光器件称之为“APS-C规格”。
这种规格的传感器也用在许多数位单眼相机上，同时也有一部分消费数码相机也采用了这种规格，例如索尼DSC-R1、适马DP1、富士X100等。一些单电相机也采用这种规格，例如索尼NEX-5/3和三星NX10。然而APS-C规格的传感器确切的大小不是一样的，但总体而言是小于35mm胶片（或称全幅）规格，也就是36×24mm。这就使得对比全幅，APS-C在相同的焦距下视角更窄。
3焦距换算率编辑
因为APS-C尺寸的成像元件是小于全幅的，因此当把全幅相机的镜头安装在APS-C相机时，获得的图像就有所差别。因为光线经过全幅镜头之后获得的成像面积是大于传感器的，因此传感器获得的图像对比全幅传感器获得的就会有种“图片被裁切后”的感觉。譬如，一枚28mm的镜头用在全幅相机上是是作为广角镜头，而用在APS-C相机上时则成像区域变窄，变成一枚标准镜头。想知道一枚全幅镜头在APS-C上能获得相当于在全幅机器上的焦距是多少，就必须先知道换算率。例如换算率是1.6倍的话，28mm的广角镜头就会变成45mm，也就是标准镜头了。然而，这个数值只是描述视角相当于全幅镜头的焦距，至于透视关系则不会发生变化。例如拥有夸张畸变效果的鱼眼镜头并不会因此变成广角镜头。
- 1.6x：佳能EOS 7D、600D、550D、500D、450D、60D、70D、1100D、1000D等。
- 1.5x：所有索尼和尼康的非全幅数码单反相机，宾得的新型数码单反（k-m、k-r和k-x等），还有柯尼卡美能达数码单反。
- 1.3x：佳能EOS 1D Mark IV，1D Mark III等。徕卡M8和M8.2。（采用APS-H规格）
4镜头特点编辑
大部分镜头和相机厂商都根据这种规格的传感器来制造专属的镜头。APS-C机器可以兼容全幅镜头，然而反过来全幅机器如果安装了APS-C镜头的话可能会出现暗角，或者只能使用相当于APS-C大小的传感器面积。
佳能在2003年随着300D的发布推出了EF-S系列镜头，这些镜头的位置更靠近相机的传感器。这些镜头有几个好处，包括更轻便的尺寸重量和更窄的视角。EF-S镜头只能用在佳能APS-C单反上，它们的物理规格是和全幅EF镜头不兼容的，不能安装在全幅单反上。
尼康也有专用于APS-C数码单反的DX格式镜头。这镜头可以安装在全幅D3系列和D700数码单反上，但可用像素更少。这些镜头如果用在尼康胶片单反上可能会出现鬼影，但焦距伸长则可用。
索尼拥有专用于APS-C机身的DT镜头。这些是用于a100到a700及早期柯美的数码单反上的。物理规格兼容于全幅镜头，但安装在全幅相机如A900和A850上则使用裁切模式，像素减半。[
Monday, May 4, 2015
Thursday, April 30, 2015
One Year with the Leica Summilux 50mm f/1.4 Asph
I’ve read a ton of reviews on lenses – some very technical, some very practical – this review will be neither. I’m not a photography expert and certainly not a lens science expert, but I know what works for me and what doesn’t and I wanted to explain the merits of the astounding Leica 50mm Summilux… before I change it for the 50mm Summicron Apo Asph.
The Leica 50mm Summilux is without a doubt the most perfect lens I have owned in ten odd years of serious photography. I started out in photography with an average SLR and average lenses shooting average landscapes. I did this for years until I discovered street photography and then quickly discovered that SLR’s were not the right tool for this genre. This led me to Leica and their awesome range of lenses. At this point I should explain that although everyone talks about Leica camera bodies (which I believe are the very best in 35mm photography), it’s actually Leica lenses that most people choose Leica for. Leica lenses are amongst the very best glass money can buy, if not the best. I can talk with some authority here as I have owned lenses from various manufacturers including Nikon, Canon, Voigtlander, Fuji, Olympus, Zeiss and of course Leica. The first two mentioned I believe to be the worst and the last two mentioned I believe to be the best.
On the Leica M9 and M Monochrom, I have shot almost solely with Leica’s 50mm Summilux Aspherical f/1.4. I choose 50mm for street photography purely because it feels right for me, not because scientifically it is the closest reproduction of what the human eye sees, just because it feels natural, it’s easy to frame and i’ve never been a wide angle fan.
The 50mm Summilux is a small and extremely robust lens which, when fitted to an M rangefinder, feels solid, perfectly weighted and stealthy. It has a focus tab and riveted focus ring which allows you to choose between traditional rangefinder focusing or SLR lens focussing or a combination of both. Little details like this are very important to me. As a street shooter, focussing needs to be fast and accurate.
The Summilux has a wide open aperture of f/1.4, which is awesomely fast and allows you to shoot at low ISO’s in daylight, but it’s when light is at a premium that this lens comes alive. At night the Summilux is a light vampire.
Shooting wide open with the 50mm Lux gives you lots of possibilities… shorter exposures, sharp, crisp images, and great contrast. However, with a lens this fast it takes a fair amount of practice to achieve pin sharp focussing wide open at f/1.4 as the focal plane in the lux is über thin. On the upside, if you get it right, the lens will render an almost 3D image with the subject popping sharply out of the background.
Selective Focus: M Monochrom – 50mm Summilux
I can’t vouch for the lens when it’s stopped down below f/4.0 as I have never closed it up beyond that. Why would you? Fast lenses are designed to be shot wide open, right? If you are looking for a lens that performs stopped further down, try the standard 50mm Summicron, it’s half the price of the Summilux and it’s outstanding between f/4 and f/8.
;
Performance on the M9
Colour rendering on the M9 with the 50mm Summilux is nothing short of perfection. I have genuinely never seen a lens that replicates colour as honestly as the Lux. I don’t know if the Lux was specifically designed for the M9 sensor or not, but together they sing. Before switching to Leica glass I used to spend a lot of time desaturating my images but with the 50mm Lux, desaturation is not necessary.
Sharpness on the M9 (with a good focus) is a near perfect. It renders perfectly smooth edges and very tight grain that when viewed at 100% looks incredibly close to fast, quality film.
On the M9, the 50mm Summilux outperformed my expectations.
Sidetrack…
I should mention that when I first started using an M9, I coupled it with a Zeiss Planar f/2.0, which is an awesome lens for the money – 3 times cheaper than the Summilux. It is sharp, easy to focus and feels good on the camera. However, I found it rendered an over-saturated image and I was never happy with the bokeh it produced. It also plummets in price in the used market – Leica glass holds it’s value very well.
Back on track…
If you are planning mounting a 50mm Summilux on your M9, I can guarantee that after a little time using it, you’ll love it. You will get to know it’s little nuances, like very slight fall off at the edges (which can be boosted in Silver Efex to produce beautiful, natural looking vignettes), it’s almost uncanny selective focussing ability and it’s massive capacity to swallow light at night and produce wonderful high contrast shots.
Sample Image: M9 – 50mm Summilux
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Performance on the M Monochrom
Here comes a big claim…
The 50mm Lux couple with the M Monochrom delivers the best black and white digital image I have ever seen, even compared to high end medium format.
The M Monochrom is a little bit different. It shoots just black and white (the clue is in the name) and it has no Bayer filter. This makes the camera better in low light and better at high ISO. These enhanced camera abilities combined with the already stunning capability of the Lux glass, produce stunning black and white photographs, photographs that need very little post work as the detail and the contrast are so close to reality that over processing the image is fruitless. The Raw shot is just class. I simply alter exposure if required, boost the vignette (that’s my thing) and export the image.
It’s interesting stopping the lens down to f/2 or f/4. The contrast just gets better and better and you can even see it in the Monochrom’s digital display (which is pitiful).
If I was over the moon with the Summilux on the M9, I am in heaven with it on the Monochrom. I’ve simply never experienced images like it. Unbelievably sharp, high contrasted images that separate the subject from the background so perfectly.
Sample Image: M Monochrom – 50mm Summilux f/1.4
After writing the above, it seems almost crazy that I am trading in my 50mm Summilux against the new Leica APO-Summicron-M 50 mm f/2 ASPH. Why? Well, because Leica claim it’s better. I have total faith in Leica glass and if the Summilux is close to 50mm perfection, I want to get even closer!
Give me a year and I’ll write a review on the Cron.
Tuesday, April 28, 2015
Monday, April 27, 2015
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Saturday, April 25, 2015
Home About Screening Why Monitor Your Mood Treatment FAQ About Us For Clinicians
What's My M3 ™ Assessment Report
Date taken: 25 Apr, 2015
The M3 Score: how disruptive are your symptoms?
Scores of 33 or greater mean that your life may be impacted by a mood disorder
M3 score
Your Results
Chance of Disorder
Description
43


0
33
100%
Medium Your M3 Score is in the mid-range as compared to individuals already known to be suffering from a mood or anxiety disorder. This is a significant finding, as it indicates your symptoms are probably impacting your life and general well being. Read carefully the information and recommendations below concerning your risk of each of the four conditions described.
Your risk for the following disorders:
Your Results
Your Risk
Description
Depression

0
100%
Medium Your responses on the depression scale indicate that you have a 2 in 3 chance of suffering from depression.
Anxiety

0
100%
Medium Your responses on the anxiety scale indicate that you have a 50% chance of suffering from an anxiety disorder.
PTSD

0
100%
Low Many individuals suffering from post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) respond to the scale as you did. Yet, because PTSD is less common than other mood and anxiety disorders, your risk of PTSD is just 1 in 8 and 50% chance that you are suffering from a related mood or anxiety condition. (Naturally, if you have experienced a traumatic event or events, this fact increases the likelihood of a PTSD diagnosis.)
Bipolar

0
100%
Low The likelihood that you are suffering from Bipolar Disorder is about 1 in 9. On the other hand, your responses indicate there is a 50% chance that you are suffering from another mood or anxiety disorder.
Recommended Action:
Your MEDIUM overall M3 Score indicates that you should make a point of contacting your physician or a mental health care provider to begin a discussion of your M3 results. It is important for you to share these results with your physician.
Your response to question #5, which asks about thoughts of suicide, raises a red flag. For assistance please contact the National Suicide Prevention Hotline at 1-800-273-TALK, or go to the nearest emergency room for immediate treatment.
It is very important, first of all, to point out that having such a thought does not automatically place you at risk for actual suicide. On the other hand, individuals who report suicidal thinking on closer examination are usually found to have a mood or anxiety disorder. This is true even for those who feel that due to life circumstances they have legitimate reasons for having such thoughts. Given this fact, it is crucial that you present your M3 results to your physician and to begin a discussion of this very issue.
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This form is not a diagnostic instrument and is to be used solely within the context of your medical treatment with your physician or other health care provider. The maker and provider of this form disclaims any liability, loss, or risk incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, from the use and application of any of this material. WhatsMyM3™ V.03.06 Copyright © 2002-2012 by M3 Information™, The M-3 Checklist and WhatsMyM3.com are free for personal home use. For any other uses, including clinical., educational, non-profit, hospital research, or for-profit settings please contact mail@m-3information.com. No further reproduction or distribution, or reverse engineering is permitted without written permission from M3 Information. Patent Pending.
1907-1915 Russia Before the Revolution, in Color
The people of the Czar's Empire
1911
The Emir of Bukhara, Alim Khan (1880-1944), poses solemnly for his portrait, taken in 1911 shortly after his accession. As ruler of an autonomous city-state in Islamic Central Asia, the Emir presided over the internal affairs of his emirate as absolute monarch, although since the mid-1800s Bukhara had been a vassal state of the Russian Empire. With the establishment of Soviet power in Bukhara in 1920, the Emir fled to Afghanistan where he died in 1944.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky (1863–1944) became photographically renowned in Russia for a color portrait of Leo Tolstoy. It was this fame that, in 1909, brought him to the attention of Tsar Nicholas II.
Prokudin-Gorsky's subsequent meeting with the tsar and the tsar's family was to be the pivotal moment in his life: The tsar provided both the funding and the authority for Prokudin-Gorsky to carry out what he would later describe as his life's work.
For most of the following decade, using a specially adapted railroad car as a darkroom, Prokudin-Gorsky traversed the length and breadth of the Russian Empire, recording what he saw in more than 10,000 full-color photographs.
1911
A merchant at the Samarkand market displays silk, cotton and wool fabrics as well as a few traditional carpets. A framed page of the Koran hangs at the top of the stall.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
1907-1915
Prokudin-Gorksii captures the traditional dress, jewelry and hairstyle of an Uzbek woman standing on a richly decorated carpet at the entrance to a yurt, a portable tent used for housing by the nomadic peoples of Central Asia. After conquering Turkestan in the mid-1800s, the Russian government exerted strong pressure on the nomadic peoples to settle permanently in villages, towns and cities.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
1911
Dressed in traditional Central Asian attire, a vendor of locally grown melons poses at his stand in the marketplace of Samarkand in present-day Uzbekistan.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
1909
Pinkhus Karlinskii, the supervisor of the Chernigov floodgate, stands by a ferry dock along the Mariinskii Canal system in the northern part of European Russia. In the photo album of his tour of the canal system, Prokudin-Gorskii noted that Karlinskii was 84 years old and had served for 66 years.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
The color process Prokudin-Gorsky worked with required three separate black-and-white exposures, each one taken through either a red, green or blue filter. When the filtered exposures were combined, the result was the full chromatic spectrum in a photograph.
Prokudin-Gorsky left Russia in 1918 after the Communist Revolution and ultimately came to settle with his family in Paris. Approximately half of his own negatives were confiscated by the Russian authorities on his departure.
1910
A Bashkir switch operator by the main line of the railroad, near the town of Ust-Katav on the Yuryuzan River between Ufa and Chelyabinsk in the Ural Mountains of European Russia.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
ca. 1907-1915
Wearing traditional dress and headgear, a Turkmen camel driver poses with his camel, laden with what is most likely grain or cotton. Camel caravans remained the most common means of transporting food, raw materials and manufactured goods in Central Asia well into the railroad era.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
In 1948, the Library of Congress bought the remaining photographic materials from Prokudin-Gorsky's heirs. At the turn of the millennium, the Library exhibited the a number of the photographs as The Empire That Was Russia, and has since made the digitized versions of Prokudin-Gorsky's work available for free online.
This selection of images shows some of the portraits Prokudin-Gorsky captured of the diverse people who together made up the Russian Empire, before the revolution.
ca. 1907-1915
A Chinese foreman poses with established tea plants and new plantings at a tea farm and processing plant in Chakva, a small town just north of Batumi on the Black Sea coast.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
1911
In a photograph taken near Samarkand, an elderly man, probably an ethnic Tajik, holds birds he has just caught . Samarkand and its region were noted for wide diversity in ethnic groups, including Uzbeks, Tajiks, Persians and Arabs as well as the more recently arrived Russians.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
ca. 1907-1915
Dagestan, meaning “land of mountains” in the Turkic languages, contains a population consisting of many nationalities, including Avars, Lezgi, Noghay, Kumuck and Tabasarans. Pictured here is a Sunni Muslim man of undetermined nationality wearing traditional dress and headgear, with a sheathed dagger at his side.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
ca. 1907-1915
A couple in traditional dress poses for a portrait in the mountainous interior region of Gunib on the north slope of the Caucasus Mountains in what is today the Dagestan Republic of the Russian Federation.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
1909
Young Russian peasant women offer berries to visitors to their izba, a traditional wooden house, in a rural area along the Sheksna River near the small town of Kirillov.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
1910
A. P. Kalganov poses with his son and granddaughter for a portrait in the industrial town of Zlatoust in the Ural Mountain region of Russia. The son and granddaughter are employed at the Zlatoust Arms Plant—a major supplier of armaments to the Russian military since the early 1800s.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
1915
Prokudin-Gorskii, right front, and others ride the Murmansk Railroad in a handcar along the shores of Lake Onega near Petrozavodsk. From the beginning of Russian railroad construction in the 1850s, rails were laid using a wider gauge (5 feet, 3.5 inches) than the standard European one.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
ca. 1907-1915
Inmates stare out from a zindan, a traditional Central Asian prison — in essence a pit in the earth with a low structure built on top. The guard, with Russian rifle and bayonet, is attired in Russian-style uniform and boots.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
1911
Samarkand, an ancient commercial, intellectual, and spiritual center on the Silk Road from Europe to China, developed a remarkably diverse population, including Tajiks, Persians, Uzbeks, Arabs, Jews and Russians. Samarkand, and all of West Turkestan, was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the middle of the 19th century and has retained its ethnic diversity. Here, Jewish boys in traditional dress study with their teacher.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
1911
Many Central Asiatic peoples lived nomadic lives, migrating seasonally from one place to another as opportunities for obtaining food, water, and shelter changed. Shown here is a young Kazakh family in colorful traditional dress moving across the Golodnaia (or “Hungry”) steppe in present-day Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
ca. 1907-1915
Ethnic Russian settlers to the Mugan Steppe region established a small settlement named Grafovka, immediately north of the border with Persia. Settlement of Russians in non-European parts of the empire, and particularly in border regions, was encouraged by the government and accounts for much of the Russian migration to Siberia, the Far East and the Caucasus regions.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
ca. 1907-1915
Workers, identified by Prokudin-Gorskii as Greeks, pose while harvesting tea from plants spreading over rolling hills near Chakva, on the east coast of the Black Sea. This region of the Russian Empire, in present day Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia, had a significant Greek minority.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
1910
Monks plant potatoes in fields reclaimed from the dense conifer forest at the Gethsemane Hermitage on Lake Seliger near the headwaters of the Volga River.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
1912
Workers and supervisors pause for a photograph amid preparations for pouring concrete foundations for a dam across the Oka River southeast of Moscow, near the small town of Dedinovo.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
ca. 1907-1915
Borzhomi is a small town in the Caucasus Mountains in the interior of what is now the Republic of Georgia. Noted for its mineral waters, it was a fashionable spa at the end of the 19th century. Here, visitors stop by the Ekaterinin (“Catherine's”) Spring.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
1909
An early autumn scene from 1909 shows farmers taking a short break from their work to pose for their photograph. The location, though unidentified, is probably near the town of Cherepovets in north central European Russia.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
1910
The Ural Mountain region is noted for the richness of its iron deposits and ores. The Bakaly hills, in the area outside the city of Ekaterinburg, provide the locale for a small-scale family mining operation.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
1909
Children sit on the side of a hill near a church and bell-tower in the countryside near White Lake, in the north of European Russia.
IMAGE: PROKUDIN-GORSKII / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS>
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