2011年5月10日
洪磬
由立體到多維
──西野壯平的Diorama世界
所謂Diorama,本指透視畫、西洋鏡、立體模型,即半立體的布景:以紙板等平面置於三維空間──例如在斜的地面上前後放置大小兩個紙板警察─營造/誇大距離感,從而模仿立體空間。當然這種空間主要在視覺上成立,而且只在特定角度看過去有效,因此與一般模型不同,而是介乎平面與立體。這種手法因為可以誇大空間深度,而且容易挪用既有相片,常被用於軍事模型製作;當然這也限制了成品只能從有限角度觀賞,不若詳細的沙盤模型。有趣地,這正吻合兩者的用途:後者常被用作軍事推演,以考慮元件之間的關係;而前者的空間設定早已決定,模型沒有內在生命,而服膺於創作者的心思。可以說,Diorama即是只在特定視點(vantage point)生效的模型,而其資訊與實感上的省略恰是表意上的空間。
由此而言,西野壯平的Diorama地圖系列的意思便可堪玩味了。他徒步探索巴黎、倫敦、香港、紐約等世界名城,還有東京、大阪等日本都市,拍攝市內大小地方的黑白照片,經篩選後在工作室拼合成一張大地圖,再拍攝為成品。拍攝角度不一,有街頭掠影,或往上拍攝天空,或從高處俯瞰,比例當然也不一。概念上,Diorama其實近於Google相簿等將實地照片組合於一張平面圖之上,不同之處在於後者服從於絕對的空間規定,而前者則是作者的主觀組合。
香港被高速公路覆蓋
拼合的結果,相片集中在少數建築物之上,而各城市偏重不同。東京以山手線火車與多個棒球場最為顯眼,倫敦滿布磚屋,而香港則被高速公路覆蓋,而天空出奇地少。對拍攝對象的側重程度極端,要不然就以數張照片─多從同一角度拍攝─交代一個地標,要不就以大遠景包含一大片地區,而兩者的照片多比實際地圖上佔的面積要多,即是在題材之間,必有遺漏掉的隙縫,而選材準則,當以西野壯平的印象為準。例如香港舊機場跑道只呈現為一條線,想是他無法涉足而遠觀印象也不深之故。相反維港的波濤,多從中景距離拍攝,每一個浪都比整條跑道要闊。
創作者自言「自己透過拍攝會變成怎樣,比拍攝可以做到什麼更重要」,於是「過程」即是理解此藝術形式的關鍵。他首先將現實─城市的影象─記錄下來,然後將這些相對客觀的「數據」在地理空間的框框中加以調節,如像野外定向的繪圖員將重要的地形特徵予以強調處理的「藝術加工」,從而與地圖使用者更有效地溝通。正如繪圖員的閱讀地形能力有所偏重,西野壯平對城市的閱讀也是個人的。
今年2月至4月在倫敦舉行的展覽中,播出的短片裏,他先以鉛筆簡略勾勒出幾條線索,然後就像拼圖般以線狀特徵作引,地標作樞紐,最後才填上其間的空隙。有趣地,正是以上部件之間的界線,交代出Diorama的魔幻立體效果。例如香港西九龍,一天橋從近距離以廣角鏡拍攝成強烈的空間透視效果,緊接着就是舊區馬路街市的路口;又例如倫敦金融新區Canary Wharf的華廈得到宏偉的正面全身角度,而緊鄰河邊的住宅則只被斜得可憐的俯攝壓扁,幾乎不可辨認,差天共地的空間感被當作部件,按位置與線條形狀並置而營造另一層次的空間感─可以是傾斜度、閒適感覺、視覺刺激或自由─正是Diorama手法的魔法所在。
小圖存在時間差異
不說不知,同一建築物同一角度拍攝的照片,原來是在不同時間拍攝,細看之下大圖中的小圖有着細微的時間差異痕迹,例如季節或天氣轉變、太陽角度不同、交通工具的移位、建築工程進展等。策展人說這「展示了城市的轉變,是立體的流動影像」,但相比上述的空間魔法,較為噱頭,因而執行較為鬆散。而將拼圖成品拍攝以複製,除了是商業考慮,也是Photoshop術語中將可隨意移位與變形的圖層(layers)壓平(flatten)同時鎖死,成為創作者的印象,雖然也可能令人誤會他的用意在於平面的拼湊節奏。
具體細節需要親眼細觀,但整體而言,驟看散亂的拼貼其實匠心獨運,照片接縫都能傳播出Diorama空間感覺,而與小相片的內涵與幾何特性和諧,從預設框架的強烈程度,甚至可以感受到西野對各城市的熟悉程度甚至是細微的觀感差異。
至此,Diorama地圖自然令人聯想到人的大腦。十九世紀初期,大腦相學(phrenology)以量度人腦各部分的大小來研究大腦結構與內容的關係,正如作品中的不同內容按個人重視程度被加權(weighted),佔據大腦的不同區域。
Phrenology早已過時,但大腦的運作的確是地理的─佔空間較多即佔用較多腦細胞,而距離接近較容易發生聯繫,既分崩離析又有着潛在的脈絡。這與城市空間一樣,皆符合完形理論(Gestalt theory),傾向自我組合,甚少碎片化。而正如神智(mind)各部分如視覺、記憶以至良知皆是整全現象,而不是由部件機械組成的機制。於是城市空間的肌理以數位細節窮究而猶有不足,介入詮釋比機械的細節化探究更貼近真像而不迷失在預設的迷宮中,西野的手法在《3D玉蒲團》的時代別具意義。
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Monday, May 9, 2011
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