2010年5月26日
關於今天中國的前衞攝影,我本來想在這裏勾勒出一張大致的地圖,評論幾個代表性的人物,然而在我追尋他們近幾年的轉變之時,我卻發現這是一個迷失的過程。
首先我需要廓清的是,我所談論的前衞攝影不是那個長期被行為藝術家、概念藝術家等非攝影專業的人所佔有和利用的「前衞攝影」,他們往往只是使用攝影作為視覺藝術紀錄或媒介的非攝影視覺藝術,在許多作品中,攝影行為的本身是最不重要的,攝影內的事件佔據了作品的全部意義,因此根本算不上「攝影藝術」,僅僅是以照相機輔助進行的藝術而已。
但是這種對攝影的刻意誤讀,本應該為嚴肅的前衞攝影藝術家所拒斥,現在卻反過來侵蝕着真正的前衞攝影,使攝影家動搖,以至迷失。歸根究柢,是因為目前大陸的非攝影藝術市場日趨成熟,攝影藝術市場卻只能依附於其上,去遷就前者的需求規律,但是攝影作為一種全新的視覺表現形式,它的藝術坐標應該是分離,乃至反叛於其他藝術表現形式的,如果非要去遷就,即使獲得了一時的認同和利益,最終卻可能連原本的存在意義也失去了。
由揭露「精神」狀況到觀念藝術
就從所謂的「藝術中心」北京說起吧。北京有一個攝影家,一直是我從最嚴格的意義上所認同的中國最成熟的前衞攝影藝術家,他就是劉錚。他因為十多年前對中國人「精神」存在狀況的毫不留情的揭露,曾被大陸的官方媒體封殺。我最欣賞劉錚在《革命》前的一組大型作品《國人》,那是劉在中國各地數年漫遊的成果,窮人富人、殘缺者、自滿者、邊緣人、主流人都被他冷酷地拍攝下來,表面上他記錄的是現實的種種殘片,但加起來卻成了對一種混沌的時代精神的總體批判。正所謂愛之愈深,痛之愈切,他的近期作品給我帶來的失望是巨大的,《革命》系列、《七美圖》系列是他迫切向一種非常明白的「觀念」藝術靠近的結果,但是太「觀念」了以至太顯淺,在《國人》中是攝影本身在說話,它的觀念因為現實本身的眾多可能性而變得複雜,而在那些刻意的「觀念攝影」中,因為攝影家全面的導演,反而剝奪了題材的可能性,一個人的觀念肯定比不上一個世界的觀念複雜,在對歷史的露骨反諷中,排斥了其他讀解的深入。
另一個重要的北京攝影家是韓磊,他比劉錚來得放鬆一些,在八十年代末到九十年代中,他以一系列飽含懷疑和意象的不確定性的記錄攝影著名,內容大多關於城市邊緣地域,如鐵路沿線、公路沿線、老胡同等的戲劇化場景,這些有着許多社會、文化意義的地方,在韓磊的作品中卻出現明顯的疏離其本身意義的迹象,令他的攝影充滿曖昧。他後來的作品把這種曖昧發揮到極致,以至於有點過火了。他也走向觀念攝影,使用模糊的焦點、發黃的色調、圓形的構圖、精選的風景等等,令攝影又重新向繪畫靠近——我相信以韓磊的清醒,這應該是一種故意的反諷吧,但是存在一個尷尬的問題,當你和你的反對物件愈來愈像的時候,你到底能怎樣擺明你的態度呢?而且這影像打磨得愈來愈精緻,失去了他青春期的粗礪和銳氣。去年韓磊的新攝影展開幕,竟然大多數都是在攝影棚裏擺拍的肥胖裸女,刻意頹廢媚俗,這是外國攝影家早就玩過的伎倆,甚至中國的視覺藝術家如王慶松等都拍攝過的,韓磊此舉令我大為失望,這個無聊的韓磊已經和那個迅猛的韓磊相去甚遠。
上海在八十年代有一個重要的攝影團體叫做「北河盟」,一度是大陸前衞攝影的先鋒力量,但現在除了以攝影評論家著名的顧錚還有着重大影響外,其餘多已退下了第一線。上海現在很重視關於都市的新紀錄攝影,相對缺少觀念攝影,第一應當和顧錚的影響有關(第二是因為上海的視覺藝術家沒有北京的那麼高調和搞局)。所謂新都市攝影代表人物是陸元敏,他的作品多表現城市角落的超現實一刻,非常像十多年前沉迷於東京城市本身的荒木經惟。但是面對上海,陸元敏還是更詩意和懷舊一些,沒有荒木經惟的冷酷和超然(更談不上森山大道的暴烈了),因此太過寬容,未能對城市的惡的一面作出更多的反省。
商業嚴重侵蝕南方前衞攝影
愈往南方,前衞攝影被商業侵蝕得愈嚴重。比如說當年拍攝《我們這一代》這一本可稱為一代精英的圖像史的肖全,現在在深圳,已經成為一個純粹的商業廣告攝影師,真叫人痛惜。肖全那本攝影集毫無疑問已經成為經典,這也曾是他的攝影追求,他希望「拍誰就是誰一生中最好的照片」,他選擇的拍攝對象也是「他們那一代」最有代表性的一百餘人,也即是那一代的精英。其實我更感興趣的是肖全如果拍攝普通人將會如何?我一直期待將來肖全會有一本更完整的一代人的紀錄面世。
廣東的許多青年攝影師則在雜誌、報紙中尋找生存的可能,他們都是一邊給新聞性或時尚雜誌完成任務一邊進行自己的實驗影像創作的,長此以往,他們所服務的主流媒體的意識也影響到了他們的藝術意識,使他們不知不覺變成了「小資」情調的消費品。能堅持清醒的人實在太少,即使是十多年前的南方攝影「老大」張海兒,他的影像也出現了停滯和搖擺,他繼續在時裝的後台蹉跎着,四處揮灑他的閃光燈,然而愈來愈沒有方向,當我看到那些不痛不癢的時尚或旅遊影像時,我真不相信那是當年對現實的懷疑態度鮮明的張海兒。我甚至希望,他一直在偷偷實驗一些震撼性的作品,只是現在秘不示人而已。
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