2010年5月12日
攝影成為本時代最普及化的藝術寵兒,與複製技術的高速進步、花樣百出固然有極大的關係,其實和人心的膨脹也有關,攝影從表面上滿足了我們擷取、收藏一切的欲望,縱然它從不提醒我們這欲望根源自人心的貧困。
月初上北京,一半的原因是為了看攝影展覽,順便旁觀人心。呼應世界最有名的阿爾勒(Arles)攝影節,北京新興藝術區草場地辦了個「阿爾勒在草場地」的大型聯展,同時在草場地的不遠處,中央美術學院美術館舉辦了也是最大型的馬克.呂布(Marc Riboud)回顧展。馬克.呂布是記錄中國最著名的法國攝影家,同時也是以實際行為影響中國攝影(比如說促成中國最大攝影節「平遙攝影節」)著名伯樂;另一端「阿爾勒在草場地」的壓陣重鎮則是荒木經惟,他是新一代中國攝影家們的偶像,明星味道比馬克.呂布強許多。北京東北,此兩老暫成犄角。
原來主政廣東美術館的著名策展人王璜生,轉任中央美術學院美術館館長之後頗多大手筆,馬克.呂布回顧展就是重頭節目。雖說馬克.呂布已經多次在中國展覽他的中國(包括最近在香港大會堂的中型展覽),但在中央美術學院美術館廣闊的弧牆上,掛滿了百多幅尺寸大小不一的馬克.呂布照片,不可謂不震撼。
簡約現複雜意涵
最難得的是他攝於近幾年的中國影像,形式多為彩色,主題主要是城市變遷,其中幾幅和拆遷有關的饒有意味:一幅是穿婚紗的女子以被拆房屋為背景拍婚紗照,我們可以從中解讀出新舊兩代的衝突,一代人信奉的另類美學,是可以建立在另一代人遭受的損害之上的,當然也可以「和諧」式解讀為生死循環、毀滅與延續(婚娶)的並存與不息。「拆」字作為中國發展的關鍵字,早已進入敏感的馬克.呂布的視野,也進入許多中國攝影師的視野,但馬克.呂布一貫善於以最簡單的手段達到最複雜曖昧的意涵,此可見一斑。
相對過於熱鬧的當代中國,最讓人止步深思的,還是他拍攝的五六十年代景象。照片中的中國人表情或困惑、或痛苦、或迷醉、或執着,都能看出攝影師在按下快門一刻的感動和激情,在那個年代,被攝者和攝影者同樣純樸,讓今天的觀者慚愧。照片在樸素中流露着感傷,他曾經記錄的那個中國也是這樣,我尤其喜歡他1957年在廣州的火車上拍攝的一個廣東女人——我甚至覺得她就是我的外婆,三十四歲,依傍在木頭椅背上,憂傷地陷入了未來的白日夢,我就是照片中她所未能觸及的霞光,而馬克.呂布按下快門的手指,就是連接時空的魔術棒。
此外就是他拍攝的七十年代,人們剛剛從窒息的空氣中掙扎出來,眼中的笑容純真,但還帶有警惕,那是些樸素、認真,漸漸洗脫蒙昧的眼神。這種詩意是那些流連名山大川的中國攝影家永遠琢磨不到的詩意,因為它就由時光的流轉和其中人的經歷所構成。這是一種帶着女性出神的凝視才能捕捉的瞬間,也許沒有著名的布列松「決定性瞬間」那麼準確、關鍵,但卻比他有更多曖昧的柔情。
情色背後的虛無
那邊廂,草場地藝術區香格納畫廊的荒木經惟則兇猛許多,雖然也是曖昧,這曖昧卻永遠和欲望相關,即使是欲望早已橫流的北京,也未能想像能夠展出如此毫不掩飾但又惶惑人心的「情色」影像。綑綁、S/M、學生服、男女老幼……五六百張赤裸裸黑白分明的幻相密集在一面大牆上,觀者能感到的並非窺看風月的快感,反而是一種高潮過後的巨大虛無。這虛無也許日本人早已習以為常,但對於中國當下的飲食男女,卻是恐怖尤甚於情欲暴力的洪水猛獸,在肉體影像中穿插着的天空、枯花、小貓和廢墟,就像一個個頓號,反覆念誦着「色即是空」。我曾如是想荒木的苦心:有多少人能感到這是一種悲憫——對這些女性、對攝影者自己、對普天下世俗男女的悲憫。
這天來看荒木經惟的觀眾明顯比去看馬克.呂布的多,聽說荒木展覽開幕日擠滿了小小的香格納畫廊,當然看熱鬧的人很多,但是我從網上看到許多青年攝影師的Blog上都記載了他們去「朝聖」的虔誠。毫無疑問,荒木所代表的「私攝影」對中國的「八十後」、「九十後」攝影師影響甚巨,他們也熱中於在相對封閉的空間裏不厭其煩地記錄瑣碎的欲望、青春的賁張和狂亂,聲色炫目,但是突然出現的一片深空中的靜雲,只能屬於歷盡滄桑的老頭子荒木。這時我們再去看對面牆上那幾幅罕見的用4×5大底片拍攝的溫婉女子,彷彿把你吸進一個神秘的世界,那是屬於被拍攝的「私」世界,荒木經惟引導出的是她們自身的力量。
從另一層面上去比較,八十年代末中國新冒起的一批紀實攝影師,深受馬克.呂布和他所代表的瑪格南圖片社的攝影風格和態度影響,相信攝影對社會的剖析和散文詩式描繪功能,成果其實頗豐,和侯登科《麥客》、呂楠《精神病人》、楊延康《鄉村天主教》等以人類學考察式的沉重記錄不同,吳家林的雲南系列、陸元敏的上海系列、王福春的《火車上的中國人》等是閒情偶記式的,憑藉敏感的妙筆生花作平凡世界的菜根譚式頓悟,但是論到對時代的敏感,還是不如馬克.呂布。
現在異於前兩種紀實攝影,風頭正健的是受荒木經惟和快照美學影響的個人生活紀實。比較這三者的變遷,其實可看出社會價值觀的變遷,攝影盛事其實是一個隱喻,這邊是只堪回顧的舊理想,那邊是沉迷難拔的新幻象,中間彷徨的國人,能否感到一點疲累了?
【列印文章】
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