My Blog List

Wednesday, August 29, 2018

The best photography websites, publications and galleries

The best photography websites, publications and galleries

Where to find out more about contemporary photography, as recommended by the Guardian and Observer's photography critic
A boy sitting in front of iron railings
 An image from the group show, Roads to Wigan Pier at Impressions Gallery. Photograph: Julian Germain/Courtesy of Impressions

ONLINE

Lensculture features essays, slideshows, audio and visual interviews and incisive criticism, making it one of the most authoritative and wide-ranging sites.
1000 Words Photography is the online blog of the magazine of the same name, edited by Tim Clark. It focuses almost exclusively on cutting-edge contemporary photography, as well as running regular workshops with name photographers.
Conscientious Contemporary fine art photography discussed and dissected by Jörg Colberg, writer and critic. For longer articles and interviews by Colberg and various guest writers, check out his Conscientious Extended website.
Foam is the online site for Amsterdam's Foam magazine and art gallery, which specialises in contemporary art photography.
British Journal of PhotographyUnder the editorship of Simon Bainbridge, the BJP has been transformed into a forum for information, debate and critical writing, as well as the place for in-depth advice on cameras, lenses and digital technology.
Daylight Documentary and conceptual photography are explored on this non-profit making organisation's website. Daylight also publishes photobooks.
Source Photographic Review This Belfast-based magazine features news, reviews and columns on contemporary photography, as well as a regular column exploring photography in advertising.
Photoworks commissions photography, publishes a magazine, and organises the Brighton Photo Biennial.

GALLERIES

Open Eye Liverpool's newly redesigned Open Eye's main exhibition, from 7 December, will be A Lecture Upon the Shadow, featuring artists from the north-west and Shanghai.
The Photographers' Gallery The capital's premier site for contemporary photography and host to the annual Deutsche Börse prize has a great bookshop and print sales room, as well as regular events, workshops and book signings. Currently showing Shoot! Existential Photography and Tom Wood: Men and Women.
Michael Hoppen Gallery This Chelsea gallery specialises in contemporary and classic photography. Showing the work of acclaimed young photographer Lucas Foglia until 1 December.
Ffotogallery Founded in 1978, Ffotogallery in Penarth is currently showing an installation by Jo Longhurst.
Foto8 A London gallery and screening room devoted to exhibiting the best new documentary and photojournalism. Until 23 November, it will be hosting the BJP's International Photography award exhibition.
Impressions Gallery Now 40 years old, Bradford's Impressions Gallery continues its commitment to show contemporary photography that "gets you looking, thinking and talking". A group show, Roads to Wigan Pier, runs until January 2013.
Brancolini Grimaldi Opened in 2011, Brancolini Grimaldi is a spacious central London gallery devoted to contemporary – and often conceptual – photography by the likes of Lise Sarfati, Jackie Nickerson and Dan Holdsworth. It's currently showing a group show, There's Something Happening Here.

Tuesday, August 28, 2018

moom bookshop

moom bookshop
4 hrs
供給大眾。
 
攝影師所做每一事,關係到其所處時代、成長過程與社會背景,每一幅影像皆有其淵源;攝影書的特色雖以圖像為主,但許多精華仍潛藏於思想面。真正最耗費精力,莫過於對每一書籍仔細剖析與詳盡介紹。moom 親自翻譯、撰寫大量中文書訊,至今已達500冊,超過30萬字。然而往往耗費大半天的時間與精力,一本也沒賣出是常有之事。
 
若只專賣大師作品,銷量掛保證,不需講解生平也略有耳聞,是最輕鬆且最可營利之路;但如此僅能讓專業人士購入夢寐以求的經典著作,無法有效提升大眾對攝影的認識。我們終究保持客觀文字,精選各類題材,盡力查證每一細節,毫不浮誇地重現攝影師原有思想,為闇於陳述的作品們逐一表達成你我共同的語言。
 
隨著時間累積,網路社群追蹤人數日益增加,人們定時的收看與互動成為持續推進的動力。我們將各類新品舊作交錯發表於此,這些存活於網路上的資訊化為人們對於生活的啟示、情感的牽繫、或是成為創作的各種養分⋯⋯,一點一滴滋潤著社會持續每日向前一小步。設立以來,萬萬沒想到,一本即使在台灣銷量掛零的書籍,也可以得到人們的關注,進而影響他人。
 
購買不是書本生存下去的理由,閱讀才是。
 
無論是影像或文字、電子或紙本,閱讀可塑造一處嚮往之境,連結感知中細膩的情緒;又或在蹣跚搖擺的路途中找尋生存的意義,為人生陰暗角落注入一絲光芒。
 
面對倉庫那一堆堆似乎注定一輩子長駐在此的庫存,對許多人們而言彷彿是座寶庫,它們飄洋過海而來,卻靜靜地安躺於永不見天日的書堆中,總覺是首哀歌。
 
籌備將近一年的時間,鉅細靡遺地規劃每一細節,最終打造出的,其實並非新創——這也許會讓一些創意人士們感到失望,我們僅僅在巷弄間開設了一間書店,而且是傳統書店;在這裡,我們的盈利來源只有賣書收入,沒有咖啡餐點與文創小物。但對大眾而言,這裡的功能卻不僅僅是書籍買賣的交易場,更是一個閱讀的場域。
 
我們思考著書店該有的模樣,它不應該是大賣場那樣喧囂熱鬧、但也不如圖書館般死寂安靜;它應該保有一股非凡的氣勢,卻又簡潔優雅,讓人能夠輕易感受書籍的美好。位於台北市的 moom bookshop,是一間能裝下世界浩瀚的攝影書店,歡迎進來閱讀,並成為下一位書寫之人。
 
▎店面資訊
moom bookshop
地址:台北市大安區忠孝東路三段251巷8弄16號(忠孝復興捷運站1號出口,誠安公園旁)
營業時間:12:00 - 20:00 (無公休日)
 
在此額外感謝空間設計 Homework studio 團隊大力協助,讓這書店得以誕生。

Science shows yoga may protect your brain in old age

Scientists in Brazil have imaged elderly female yoga practitioners’ brains and found they have greater cortical thickness in the left prefrontal cortex, in brain areas associated with cognitive functions like attention and memory. The results suggest that yoga could be a way to protect against cognitive decline in old age.
As we age, the structure and functionality of our brains change and this often leads to cognitive decline, including impaired attention or memory. One such change in the brain involves the cerebral cortex becoming thinner, which scientists have shown is correlated with cognitive decline. So, how can we slow or reverse these changes?
You might think medication would be required, but surprisingly, the answer could lie in contemplative practices like yoga. Yoga practitioners consciously maintain postures, and perform breathing exercises and meditation.
“In the same way as muscles, the brain develops through training,” explains Elisa Kozasa of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein in São Paulo, Brazil, a researcher involved in the study, which was recently published in Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. “Like any contemplative practice, yoga has a cognitive component in which attention and concentration are important.”
Previous studies have suggested that yoga can have greater health benefits than similar aerobic exercises, and yoga practitioners have shown improved awareness, attention and memory. Older adults with mild cognitive impairment have also shown improvements after a short yoga training program.
But can practicing yoga over several years significantly shape your brain and if so, could it offset some of the changes that happen in the aging brain? The research team wanted to see if elderly long-term yoga practitioners had any differences in terms of brain structure compared with healthy elderly people who had never practiced yoga.
They recruited 21 female yoga practitioners (also known as yoginis) who had practiced yoga at least twice a week for a minimum of 8 years, although the group had an average of nearly 15 years of yoga practice. The researchers compared the yoginis with another group of 21 healthy women, who had never practiced yoga, meditation or any other contemplative practices, but who were well-matched to the yoginis in terms of their age (all the participants were 60 or over) and levels of physical activity. For more consistent results, the researchers only recruited women, and the participants completed surveys to see if there were any other factors at work that could affect brain structure, such as depression or level of formal education.
The researchers scanned the participants’ brains using magnetic resonance imaging to see if there were any differences in brain structure. “We found greater thickness in the left prefrontal cortex in the yoginis, in brain regions associated with cognitive functions such as attention and memory,” says Rui Afonso, another researcher involved in the study. As the groups were well-matched in terms of other factors that can change brain structure, such as education and levels of depression, yoga practice appears to underlie the yoginis’ different brain structure.
Image: Frontiers in Ageing Neuroscience
The results suggest that practicing yoga in the long-term can change the structure of your brain and could protect against cognitive decline in old age. However, the team plan to carry out more studies to see if these brain changes result in enhanced cognitive performance in elderly yoginis.
Another possibility is that people with these brain features are more likely to be attracted to yoga. “We have compared experienced yoginis with non-practitioners, so we do not know if the yoginis already had these differences before they started yoga,” explains Afonso. “This can only be confirmed by studying people for a few years from the time they start yoga.”

Friday, August 24, 2018

Nikon 55mm f/3.5


Micro-NIKKOR (1969-1979)
 
© KenRockwell.com. All rights reserved.
Please help KenRockwell..com
Nikon 55mm f/3.5
Nikon 55mm f/3.5 AI (FXDX and 35mm coverage, 52mm flters, 8.5 oz./241g, about $50 used). enlarge. I got this one at this direct link to it at eBay (see How to Win at eBay). The current models you can get new are the 55mm f/2.8 AI-s60mm AF-D and 60mm AF-S. It helps me keep adding this site when you get anything from those or these links, regardless of the country in which you live. Thanks! Ken.
June 2015     Nikon Reviews   Nikon Lenses   All Reviews

Ideal Uses: Super-sharp normal lens for manual-focus and FX cameras in good light. Photography of fish in tanks. Nikon's least expensive used macro lens; and it will work on even the cheapest cameras like the D40 but you will have to guess at exposure.
Not for: For serious macro use, 105mm or 200mm lenses are much better ideas because they give you enough room between you and your subject. As a manual focus lens, I wouldn't use this for sports, kids or action since it's too hard to track focus by hand.
Optics:
Ergonomics: (manual focus)
Usefulness:
Availability:
Overall:

Sample Images       top
Quaint Home in Barstow in First Light
Quaint Home in Barstow in First Light, 7:01 AM.Nikon D810Nikon Micro-NIKKOR 55mm f/3.5 AI, f/5.6 at 1/125 hand-held at ISO 100. bigger or Camera-original © JPG file. Not too shabby!

Last Light on Peeling Paint, Dunes Motel, West Barstow
Last Light on Peeling Paint, Dunes Motel, West Barstow, 5:07 PM, 06 February 2015. Nikon D810Nikon Micro-NIKKOR 55mm f/3.5 AI, f/8 at 1/60 at Auto ISO 450. bigger.

Close-up of Colorful Old Gas Pump
Close-up of Colorful Old Gas Pump, 9:31 PM, 06 February 2015.Nikon D810Nikon Micro-NIKKOR 55mm f/3.5 AI, f/16 at 30 seconds at ISO 100. bigger.

Fires of Hell 666 Heater
Burning Fires of Hell 666 Heater, 9:35 PM, 06 February 2015.Nikon D810Nikon Micro-NIKKOR 55mm f/3.5 AI, f/8 at 30 seconds at ISO 100. bigger.

Crouse-Hinds Light, Daggett
Crouse-Hinds Light, Daggett, 10:18 AM.Nikon D810Nikon Micro-NIKKOR 55mm f/3.5 AI, f/8 at 1/1,000 at Auto ISO 100, split-toned printbigger.

Colorful Graffiti on Cinder-Block Wall with Hole
Colorful Graffiti on Cinder-Block Wall with Hole, 3:31 PM.Nikon D810Nikon Micro-NIKKOR 55mm f/3.5 AI, f/8 at 1/250 at Auto ISO 100. bigger or Full Resolution.

Retired Orange Santa Fe Railroad Car in Last Light
Retired Orange Santa Fe Railroad Car in Last Light, 4:45 PM. Nikon D810Nikon Micro-NIKKOR 55mm f/3.5 AI, f/8 at 1/250 at Auto ISO 100. bigger or Camera-original © 36MP JPG file.

Chloride River in B&W
Chloride River in B&W, 4:52 PM. Nikon D810Nikon Micro-NIKKOR 55mm f/3.5 AI, f/8 at 1/60 at Auto ISO 100. bigger.

Introduction       top
Compatibility    History    Production    Pricing
Nikon uses the word "Micro" to mean the same thing as "macro." I'll use these words interchangeably.
The Nikon Micro-NIKKOR 55mm f/3.5 is an excellent manual-focus lens. It works perfectly on every manual-focus Nikon camera, and also works great on all better digital Nikons, especially the D3XD700 and other FX cameras. It won't meter with the cheaper DX digital or AF cameras like the D90; for these cameras, guess and use the LCD, or use the Gossen Digisix meter and hot-shoe adapter.
For manual focus cameras, the newer f/2.8 AI-s version is still made today, and used f/2.8 versions cost very little more. This f/3.5 is a great lens, but if I had my choice, I'd get the f/2.8. I only bought this one to archive here; I already have two f/2.8 AI-s 55mm lenses I bought new over the years.
For AF and digital cameras, I'd suggest getting the newest 60mm AFD instead. For the D40, you'll want the 60mm AF-S to have autofocus.
Even for manual focus cameras today, I'd suggest getting the 60mm AFD since it also will work perfectly on your AF cameras.
The optics of all of these lenses are superlative; it's the mechanics and ease of use with AF and digital cameras which varies.
Focus Scale, Nikon 55/3.5
Focus Scale, Nikon 55/3.5. enlarge.

Compatibility       back to intro     back to top
The manual-focus 55mm f/3.5 AI works great with most Nikon cameras, film and digital.
It works flawlessly with every manual focus Nikon ever made, from the F of 1959 through the FM3a and today's FM-10.
On the D3XD3D700D300D200D2 and F6, use the "Non-CPU Lens Data" menu option to set 55mm and f/3.5 to get full matrix metering, EXIF data and finder read-out of set aperture. It works great in aperture-preferred as well as manual modes on these cameras.
It works perfectly on every professional film camera (FF2F3F4F5F6), and adds Matrix metering on the FAF4 and F6.
The meters of cheaper digital (D80 and below) and cheaper film cameras (N80 and below) will not couple (or work at all) with this lens, so you'll be on your own guessing exposure using the rear LCD or an external meter, or get a tiny Gossen Digisix meter and hot shoe adapter to meter manually.
See Nikon Lens Compatibility for details on your camera. Read down the "AI, AI-s" column for this lens.
The earliest non-AI versions should be upgraded to AI, otherwise, they are compatible with much fewer cameras. If you have a non-AI lens, see Nikon Lens Compatibility and read down the "pre-AI" column.

History    back to intro     back to top
Nikon made this same optical design starting in 1961, and changed the cosmetics, mechanics and coatings as time progressed.
The version shown above is the newest AI version made from about 1975 - 1979.

1956-1961
Nikon first made the 55mm f/3.5 Micro for its rangefinder cameras.
God only knows how you focused or composed without through-the-lens viewing.
Nikon didn't make a lot of these; LEICA was the market leader in those days.

1961-1969
Nikon put the same optics from the rangefinder lens in an F (SLR) mount mount for its new Nikon F 35mm SLR.
THey made at least two different cosmetic versions of this SLR lens.
Nikon made about 100,000 of these early verisons.

1969-1979
Nikon changed the optics slighty to the version reviewed here. Nikon made several different cosmetic versions, both AI and non-AI with the same optics, both single and multi-coated.
THese versions are best iditfied by serial number, or more casually, by a rubber (not fluted aluminum) focus grip.
Nikon made about 500,000 of these later verisons; about 275,000 AI and 165,000 non-AI.

1979 - today
Nikon introduced the improved 55mm f/2.8 AI-s Micro-Nikkor which replaced this f/3.5 version.
This current f/2.8 version adds CRC, close-range-correction, for optimum performance at every distance.
Nikon has made about 600,000 of these — so far.

1986-1989
55mm f/2.8 AF, Nikon's first AF micro, used the same optics as the AI-s verison.
Nikon only made about 50,000 of these.

1989-1993
A completely new design, the 60mm f/2.8 AF comes out to replace the 55mm f/2.8 AF.
Nikon made about 150,000 of these non-D AF versions.

1993-today
60mm f/2.8 AF-D, which is the same as the previous 60mm f/2.8 AF but adds the minor D feature.
Nikon made about 300,000 of the AF-D versions, or about 450,000 total 60mm f/2.8 AF — so far.

2008-today
The newest version is the 60mm AF-S Micro, which replaces the 60mm AF-D Micro. The AF-S micro will not work on cameras older than about 1993, while all these other lenses are perfectly compatible with them.
See also Roland Vink's authoritative tables for details and serial numbers.

Pricing       back to intro     back to top
 
Price,
new*
Corrected for
inflation, 2008
1966
$129.50
$865
1977
$186.95
$670
2008
$65 used
2011
2015
* At full NYC discount. Very few people bought their lenses this inexpensively back then.

Specifications         top

Name
Nikon calls this the Nikon Micro-NIKKOR AI 55mm f/3.5.

Optics
55mm f/3.5 schematic diagram
55mm f/3.5 schematic diagram.
5 elements in 4 groups.
Conventional spherical design, no floating elements.
Newer ones are multicoated.

Optimum Reproduction Ratio
1:10, which is at 2.4 feet or 0.7 meters.

Close Focus
Focus Scale, Nikon 55/3.5
Focus Scale, Nikon 55/3.5. enlarge.
From the image plane (front of lens wil be much closer):
0.79 feet.
9.5 inches.
0.241 meters.

Maximum Reproduction Ratio
1:2. You get between 1:2 and 1:1 with either the PK-3 or PK-13 ring.

Diaphragm
Front of Nikon 55mm f/3.5
Front view, Nikon 55mm f/3.5 AI. enlarge.
6 straight blades.
Stops down to f/32.

Aperture Ring
Yes, full-stop clicks.

Hard Infinity Focus Stop?
Yes.
This is great for astronomy; just turn to the stop and you have fixed laboratory-perfect focus all night.

Focus Scale
Yes.

Depth-of-Field Scale
Yes.

Infra-Red Focus Index
Yes: red dot near depth-of-field scale.

Filter Thread
52mm, metal.
Does not rotate.

Size
Nikon specifies 2.1" (53.5mm) extension from flange (2.54" or 64.5mm overall) by 2.6" (66mm) diameter.

Weight
8.495 oz. (240.8g), measured (AI version).
Nikon specifies 8.64 oz. (245g).

Hood
None needed; the front elements are already deeply recessed.
If you insist, Nikon specifies the common HN-3 hood.

Case
Optional CL-31 case.
With the PK-3 or PK-13 ring, use the CL-33A case.
Use the #54 pouch, or #55 with a PK ring.
You also can use the CP-1 plastic bubble, or CP-2 with a PK ring.

Made in
Japan.

Teleconverters
TC-200/201 and TC-14A.

Performance       top

Overall      back to Performance    back to top
The 55mm f/3.5 is a great lens. It just works, and always delivers sharp images.

Focus     back to Performance    back to top
Manual focus is easy.
Focus is as smooth as silk, perfectly damped with no play.
The D3D700F4F6 and most professional AF cameras have three very precise electronic manual focus indicators.
Lesser digital cameras, like the D300 and down, usually have just one "OK" focus dot, which is not as precise as two arrows and a dot.

Distortion    back to performance     back to top
The Nikon 55mm f/3.5 has no visible distortion.
For scientific use, plug 0.20 into Photoshop CS2's lens distortion filter for shots made at infinity on film or FX.

Falloff (darkened corners)    back to performance     back to top
Falloff on FX is negligible.
It won't be an issue at all on DX (see crop factor).
I've exaggerated this by shooting a gray field and placing these on a gray background.

Nikon 55mm f/3.5 AI-s falloff on FX and film.
At infinity:
f/3.5
f/4
f/5.6
f/8

At 1:10:
f/3.5
f/4
f/5.6
f/8

At 1:2:
f/3.5
f/4
f/5.6
f/8

© 2008 KenRockwell.com. All rights reserved.


Lateral Color Fringes   back to Performance    back to top
There are no visible lateral color fringes on the D3, which would correct them if the lens had any.

Mechanics    back to Performance    back to top
Nikn 55mm f/3.5 rear
Rear, Nikon 55 3.5 AI. enlarge.
Like all Nikkor manual focus AI lenses, the Nikon 55/3.5 is built to the highest mechanical standards of any lens ever made.

Barrel Exterior
Anodized and enameled aluminum.

Filter Threads
Anodized aluminum.

Focus Ring
Metal, rubber covered.

Focus Helicoids
Feels like brass: smooth and silky with no play or need for damping grease.

Depth-of-Field Scale
Engraved into barrel and filled with different colors of paint.

Internals
Metal.

Aperture Ring
Cast aluminum, anodized and enameled.
Engraved markings filled with different colors of paint coded to the depth-of-field scale.

Mount
Dull-chromed brass.

Markings
Engraved and filled with paint.

Identity and Serial Number
On the outside of the focus ring, engraved into the metal and filled with paint.

Rain seal at mount
No.

Noises When Shaken
Mild clicking from the diaphragm blades and actuation system.

Made in
Japan.

Nikon 55mm f/3.5 at 1:2
Nikon 55mm f/3.5 at close focus (1:2). enlarge.

Sharpness    back to Performance    back to top
With those caveats, the 55mm f/3.5 Micro-NIKKOR is super-sharp. It makes newer zooms like the awful 24-120mm VR look as bad as they are.

At infinity on a D3:
At f/3.5 and f/4
The center is super-sharp. The corners are sharp, but with a little less contrast.

At f/5.6
Everything is super-sharp side to side.

At f/8
Everything is super-sharp, and even the farthest corners are perfect. f/8 is optimum.

At f/11
As good as f/8.

At f/16
Diffraction limits performance.

At f/22
Diffraction limits performance.

At f/32
Diffraction limits performance.

Usage  back to top
It's easy, just focus and shoot.
If you need to get closer than 9-1/2," use the PK-13 extension tube to get to 1:1 (life-size at the sensor or film).

Exposure Compensation for external light meters
Nikon 55/3.5
Focus scale at close focus, Nikon 55/3.5. enlarge.
When focused closer, the lens extends away from the film or sensor. Since the mechanical diaphragm doesn't open to compensate, less light makes it to the film or sensor.
All modern Nikon cameras have their light meters built-in, so they automatically correct and use a slightly longer exposure time.
If you're using a hand-held meter (or non-TTL flash), here is the additional exposure needed as you get closer.
If you do this often, it's much handier to write these factors on a piece of removable white label attached to the focus ring. This way you can read the factor right off the lens as you focus. I simply put dots to mark how many third-stops are needed at the right spots on the front of the focus ring.
Repro
Ratio
Exposure
Factor
Stops
1
0
1:10
1.2
0.3
1:8
1.3
0.3
1:6
1.4
0.4
1:4
1.6
0.6
1:2
2.3
1.2
1:1.8
2.4
1.3
1:1.6
2.6
1.4
1:1.4
2.9
1.6
1:1.2
3.4
1.7
1:1
4.0
2
R = Reproduction Ratio.
Exposure Factor = (1 + R)2
Stops Compensation: Log2 (Exposure Factor)

Recommendations   back to top
The f/2.8 manual-focus 55mm lens is a tiny bit sharper in the corners wide-open at infinity, as are the other f/2.8 55mm and 60mm lenses. Then again, for $65 used, you can't do much better at any price for a lens better than this f/3.5. Stopped down to f/5.6 or f/8, nothing is sharper. Even at f/3.5, the resolving power in the center far exceeds the D3X; just peer through a Lens Scope Converter and you'll see far more detail than you will in a D3X file.
I prefer a 105mm lens or longer for my macro work to allow enough distance for my lighting, or to put little bugs at ease. Friends use this focal length for photographing fish in aquarium tanks. The short focal length allows one to get close to the glass and still be able to see a complete fish, unlike a 105mm.
If you want a macro for duplicating documents then this is a good choice. If you want to photograph little animals, then go instead for a 105mm macro.
The 55mm Micro works great in place of a faster normal lens. When I was younger and stupider I thought that it would not be very good when used at ordinary distances. Whoops, it's spectacular at all distances. Unless you need the extra stop or two offered by the other 50mm normal lenses, you can forget about needing a separate normal 50mm lens if you have this.

Help me help you         top
I support my growing family through this website, as crazy as it might seem.
The biggest help is when you use any of these links when you get anything,regardless of the country in which you live. It costs you nothing, and is this site's, and thus my family's, biggest source of support. These places have the best prices and service, which is why I've used them since before this website existed. I recommend them all personally.
If you find this page as helpful as a book you might have had to buy or a workshop you may have had to take, feel free to help me continue helping everyone.
If you've gotten your gear through one of my links or helped otherwise, you're family. It's great people like you who allow me to keep adding to this site full-time. Thanks!
If you haven't helped yet, please do, and consider helping me with a gift of $5.00.
As this page is copyrighted and formally registered, it is unlawful to make copies, especially in the form of printouts for personal use. If you wish to make a printout for personal use, you are granted one-time permission only if you PayPal me $5.00 per printout or part thereof. Thank you!

Thanks for reading!